Group+1+Classical+&+Instrumental+Conditioning

= =
 * Behaviorism**- Broken down into Classical and Instrumental Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov was the founder of Classical Conditioning.
 * Classical Conditioning:**

The following model shows the relationship between the stimuli and responses. When the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented it naturally elicits the unconditioned response (UCR). After repeated trails, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is paired with the conditioned stimulus (CS) causing the conditioned response (CR). Eventually the repeated trials will cause the conditioned stimulus (CS) to elicit the conditioned response (CR) without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) present.

In Pavlov's experiment, the used meat as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) which naturally elicited the dog to salivate (UCR). When he paired the meat (UCS) with the sound of a bell (CS), it caused the conditioned response (CR) of the dog to salivate at the bell.

[|Classical Conditioning told by Fraiser]

When the conditioned stimulus(CS) is presented repeatedly alone the conditioned response (CR) will decrease. In Pavolv's example, if the bell (CS) was continuously rung without the presentation of meat (UCS), the dog will learn to stop salivating at the sound of a bell (CS).
 * Extinction:**

Founded by Edward Thorndike and B.F Skinner. Edward Thorndike: Created puzzle boxes for animals to crawl through with food on the outside. When the animal would get out of the puzzle box they would get food causing them to want to get out of the box every time they are put in. Thorndike was the first psychologist to introduce the idea of reinforcement. B.F Skinner: Used both reinforcements and punishments to increase or decrease the frequency of a behavior.
 * Instrumental Conditioning (Can be otherwise known as Operant Conditioning) :**



Classroom Examples: Positive Reinforcement: Using stickers or compliments to increase the frequency of a behavior. Negative Reinforcement: Decreasing homework load in order to increase frequency of behavior. Presenting Punishment: Adding homework or detention in order to decrease the frequency of a behavior. Negative Punishment: Taking away toys, recess or free time in order to decrease the frequency of a behavior.

Here are some more examples: Positive Reinforcement in the classroom Negative Reinforcement and Punishment

**Extinction:** When a behavior no longer reliably results in a consequence, the behavior gradually decreases in probability. Ex: Child’s whining no longer results in her getting her way. Whining gradually decreases.

**How to differentiate:**



References:

Ormrod, J. E. (2011). //Educational psychology: Developing learners// (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Merrill.

[|Link to Picture]

[|Link to Picture]